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Matthew J. Foehr
Vice President and
Comptroller
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Chevron Corporation
Comptrollers Department 6001
Bollinger Canyon Rd
San Ramon, CA 94583-2324 |
August 3, 2011
BY ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION
Mr. H. Roger Schwall
Assistant Director
Division of Corporation Finance
Securities and Exchange Commission
100 F Street, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20549-7010
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Re: |
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Chevron Corporation
Form 10-K for Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2010; Filed February 24, 2011 |
File No. 001-00368
Dear Mr. Schwall:
In your letter dated July 22, 2011, you provided comments on Chevron Corporations 2010 Form 10-K.
These comments and the companys responses are set forth below.
If you wish to discuss or have any questions related to this information, please contact Mr. Al
Ziarnik, Assistant Comptroller, by telephone at (925) 842-5031 or by e-mail at apzi@chevron.com.
General
Comment 1
We note that you recently acquired Atlas Energy, Inc., and that Atlas Energy has historically
utilized hydraulic fracturing in its operations. Please tell us, with a view toward disclosure:
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the location of your current and future fracturing activities; |
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the acreage subject to fracturing; |
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the percentage of reserves subject to fracturing; |
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the anticipated costs and funding associated with fracturing activities; and |
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whether there have been any incidents, citations, or suits related to Atlas Resources
or your fracturing operations for environmental concerns, and if so, what has been the
response. |
Response: The oil and gas industry uses hydraulic fracturing in various geologic formations.
However, based on our reading of your comment, we believe the Staffs focus is primarily on
hydraulic fracturing in shale gas formations. As a result, Chevrons response to this comment is
limited to hydraulic fracturing activities in shale gas formations. Chevron currently has
hydraulic fracturing activities for natural gas in the Marcellus shale in Pennsylvania and the
Haynesville shale in Texas. The company holds approximately 700,000 net acres in the Marcellus
shale and approximately 70,000 net acres in the Haynesville shale.
Mr. H. Roger Schwall
Securities and Exchange Commission
August 3, 2011
Page 2
On June 28, 2011, Chevron acquired an additional 228,000 net acres in Pennsylvania, West Virginia
and Maryland from Chief Oil & Gas LLC and Tug Hill, Inc. Through a transition services agreement
with Chevron, the sellers are operating these properties for Chevron until the company is in a
position to assume operations. As a result, the responses below do not include this recent
acquisition.
The company also has exploration interests in shale gas properties outside the United States,
including leases in Canada, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria. The company holds approximately 200,000
net acres in the Duvernay formation in Alberta, Canada, approximately 1.1 million net acres in
Poland in four concessions, and 1.5 million net acres in Romania. The company was also the
successful bidder for three additional shale gas blocks in Romania totaling about 675,000 net acres
and one shale gas block in Bulgaria totaling about 1.1 million net acres, which are going through
the respective countrys license agreement finalization process. Chevrons non-United States shale
gas activity is still in the early stages of exploratory work and we have drilled no wells to date
on any of this acreage.
We estimate that reserves in the Marcellus and Haynesville shales, where we are currently drilling,
would constitute about one percent of Chevrons overall proven reserves. Chevrons anticipated
costs and funding associated with hydraulic fracturing in all of the aforementioned shale gas
properties is not expected to be material; for the next two years, we estimate that such
expenditures will constitute less than one percent per year of the companys total annual capital
and exploratory budget.
We have reviewed our records for incidents, citations or suits involving a known spill or release
related to hydraulic fracturing operations in shale gas properties held by Chevron in the United
States that may be reported to any environmental regulatory agency with jurisdiction over such
operations. With respect to properties acquired from Atlas, we limited our review to those matters
that have arisen since the February 2011 close of the acquisition or that remained unresolved or
open as of that date. The review found no such incidents, citations or suits that the company
believes it will be required to report as a legal proceeding under Item 103 of Regulation S-K,
including under Instruction 5 of that item.
Separately, Pennsylvania state regulations require that shale gas operators that receive a notice
claiming that a water supply has been affected by pollution or diminution must report receipt of
these notices to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection promptly following
receipt. Chevron has received several notices under this state law and is in the process of
investigating each of them. In at least one instance, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection has conducted an investigation and concluded that Chevrons hydraulic fracturing
operations did not cause the claimed pollution or diminution. Chevron does not believe that any of
these investigations will result in any material exposure to Chevron nor does it expect that they
will give rise to a legal proceeding reportable under Item 103 of Regulation S-K.
Comment 2
In regard to your fracturing operations, please also tell us what steps you have taken to
minimize any potential environmental impact. For example, and without limitation, please explain
if you:
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Have steps in place to ensure that your drilling, casing, and cementing adhere to known
best practices; |
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Monitor the rate and pressure of the fracturing treatment in real time for any abrupt
change in rate or pressure; |
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Evaluate the environmental impact of additives to the fracturing fluid; and |
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Minimize the use of water and/or dispose of it in a way that minimizes the impact to
nearby surface water. |
Response: Chevrons policy is to meet or exceed all applicable local, state, and federal
regulatory standards and requirements when drilling, casing, and cementing oil and gas wells that
it operates.
Mr. H. Roger Schwall
Securities and Exchange Commission
August 3, 2011
Page 3
Chevron and industry best practices are considered in the planning phase of each project to ensure
safety and minimize environmental impacts. Chevron believes effective wellbore construction and
casing design, in accordance with established recommended practices and engineering standards, is
important to ensure mechanical integrity and isolation from ground water aquifers throughout
drilling, hydraulic fracturing and production operations. We place priority on drilling practices
that ensure well control throughout the construction and completion phases.
As an example, Chevrons Marcellus wells use multiple layers of steel casing and cement, which form
a continuous barrier between the well and the subsurface strata. We cement to the surface for every
casing string on every well, and each string of casing is pressure tested to ensure the integrity
of the casing design and cement. We also conduct a combination of tests over the life of the well
to verify long-term integrity. Our wells are designed to prevent natural gas migration or leakage
for the life of the well.
With regards to monitoring the rate and pressure of fracturing treatment, we have qualified service
companies as well as Chevron personnel monitoring the pressure response to assure the work proceeds
as planned. Unexpected changes or anomalies in the rate or pressure are immediately evaluated and
necessary corrective actions are taken. When it is necessary to stop a project, it is not restarted
until all corrective measures are completed.
Fracturing fluid additives are evaluated and minimized for every project. Chevron works closely
with our service providers to evaluate the effectiveness of additives and, if multiple additives
are available to achieve the required result, as a general rule the additive with the best
environmental performance is chosen.
As a global company, we know that access to sufficient sources of water is essential for the
communities where we operate, as well as to our business. As a general practice, Chevron uses the
most effective and efficient water management options available. Chevron has a proprietary process
for treating flowback and produced water, which allows for more water to be reused and reduces the
need for fresh water. In addition, we are working with our service partners to look at
alternatives for recycling flowback water and reducing our use of fresh water sources for
fracturing fluids. The handling, storage, and disposal of produced water meets or exceeds all
applicable local, state and federal regulatory standards and requirements.
Comment 3
Please supplementally provide us with a report detailing all chemicals used in your hydraulic
fracturing fluid formulation/mixture, in the volume/concentration and total amounts utilized, for
representative wells in each basin or region where hydraulic fracturing is used.
Response: In addition to reporting hydraulic fracturing fluid additives as required by states,
Chevron voluntarily discloses this information on the public hydraulic fracturing chemical registry
website Frac Focus (www.fracfocus.org). This website is a joint project of the Ground Water
Protection Council and
the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission. It allows one to search for information about the
chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing.
Comment 4
In light of the events involving the Gulf of Mexico and the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, as well
as the scrutiny surrounding hydraulic fracturing, please review your disclosure to ensure that you
have disclosed all material information regarding your potential liability in the event of an
incident involving
Mr. H. Roger Schwall
Securities and Exchange Commission
August 3, 2011
Page 4
your offshore or hydraulic fracturing operations. For example, and without limitations, please
address the following:
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disclose the applicable policy limits related to your insurance coverage; |
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disclose your related indemnification obligations and those of your customers, if
applicable; |
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disclose whether your existing insurance would cover any claims made against you by or
on behalf of individuals who are not your employees in the event of personal injury or
death, and whether your customers would be obligated to indemnify you against any such
claims; |
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clarify your insurance coverage with respect to pollution liability and associated
environmental remediation costs; and |
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provide further detail on the risks for which you are insured for your offshore
operations or hydraulic fracturing operations. |
Response: The company maintains a broad insurance program covering its worldwide operations. The
program is renewed on an annual basis and the insured limits and coverage scope of the various
insurance policies may vary from year to year. Chevron believes its insurance program is
commensurate with the size, breadth and scope of the companys operations, taking into account the
market availability of insurance, pricing of coverage in the insurance markets and the companys
financial ability to retain risk. Typical perils that the insurance would cover include: physical
damage to company onshore and offshore property and facilities; well control events; sudden and
accidental pollution liability; and personal injury, bodily injury (including death) and property
damage to third parties for which the company is legally liable. Some of these risks are discussed
on page 32 of the companys 2010 Annual Report under the caption The companys operations could be
disrupted by natural or human factors.
The company is party to many thousands of contractual relationships with contractors, suppliers,
customers and partners with a variety of indemnity provisions and so it is difficult to make a
general statement regarding such indemnities. Some of the risks involved in the companys
operations in this regard are discussed on page 32 of the companys 2010 Annual Report under the
caption The companys operations have inherent risks and hazards that require significant and
continuous oversight.
The company does not believe it is possible to obtain commercial insurance (owing to market
capacity) or third-party indemnities sufficient to cover all of the potential liability in the
event of a significant catastrophic incident or series of catastrophic incidents, and so the
company is largely self-insured for such events. The company relies on existing liquidity,
financial resources and borrowing capacity to meet short-term obligations that would arise from
such an event or series of events. This is discussed in part on pages FS-12 to FS-13 in the
Liquidity and Capital Resources section of the companys Managements Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the 2010 Annual Report.
Chevron acknowledges the Staffs comment and will consider supplementing existing disclosure in
future filings in this regard.
Comment 5
In this regard, discuss what remediation plans or procedures you have in place to deal with
the environmental impact that would occur in the event of a spill or leak from your offshore
operations, your hydraulic fracturing operations or your other operations.
Response: Chevrons plans and procedures for dealing with environmental impacts in the event
of a spill or leak are similar whether operations are offshore or onshore. First, we design,
operate and maintain our facilities to prevent potential spills or leaks from occurring. Second,
Chevron requires its facilities and
Mr. H. Roger Schwall
Securities and Exchange Commission
August 3, 2011
Page 5
operations to have emergency response and business continuity
plans that address all credible and significant risks identified by site-specific risk and impact
assessments. Chevron also requires that sufficient resources are available to execute these plans.
We have trained spill responders and oil spill response organizations (OSROs) under contract. The
plans are practiced by spill response team members in tabletop and field exercises, including
equipment deployment.
Chevron maintains active membership in international oil spill cooperatives and access to expert
external consultants and contractors. Chevron is a key member of the two largest global oil spill
cooperatives the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) and Oil Spill Response, Ltd. (OSRL).
Chevron is represented on the Board of Directors for these cooperatives and participates in various
Board committees focused on issues such as audit, strategic funding and equipment replacement.
Chevron is also a founding member of the Marine Well Containment Company (MWCC), whose primary
mission is to expediently deploy containment equipment and systems to capture and contain crude oil
in the unlikely event of a future deepwater well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. Please refer to
page FS-5 of the companys 2010 Annual Report for more information on MWCC. In addition, the
company is a member of the Subsea Well Response Project (SWRP) headquartered in Stavanger, Norway.
Following the recommendations of the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers Global
Industry Response Group, the SWRPs objective is to further develop the industrys capability to
contain and shut in subsea well control blowouts.
In the unlikely event that a major spill or leak occurs, Chevron maintains a Worldwide Emergency
Response Team. This team is comprised of approximately 200 employees who are trained in various
aspects of emergency response and available at all times to support a major incident at any of our
operations. Team members represent a range of skill sets associated with oil spills and other
potential incidents. They are medically-cleared, trained in the incident command system and
participate in regular exercises to maintain readiness.
Finally, with respect to remediation, we have an Environmental Functional Team (EFT) that is
composed of environmental technical professionals (biologists, chemists, ecologists, engineers,
geologists, microbiologists, toxicologists, etc). The EFT is responsible for planning oil cleanup
and site remediation, and it works with the OSROs and specialized remediation consultants.
For some spills, a Unified Command (inclusive of regulating authorities) may be established through
which all remediation decisions are vetted and approved. Long-term, site-specific remediation
plans, if required, would be developed in consultation with various external resources, such as
engineering firms, joint venture partners and government regulators, utilizing industry best
practices.
Legal Proceedings
Comment 6
We note your discussion regarding the lawsuit before the Superior Court of Nueva Loja in Lago
Agrio, Ecuador. With a view toward disclosure, please tell us the basis for your belief that
first, that the court lacks jurisdiction over Chevron; second, that the law under which plaintiffs
bring the action, enacted in 1999, cannot be applied retroactively; third that the claims are
barred by the statute of limitations in Ecuador; and, fourth, that the lawsuit is also barred by
the releases from liability previously given to Texpet by the Republic of Ecuador and Petroecuador
and by the pertinent provincial and municipal governments.
Mr. H. Roger Schwall
Securities and Exchange Commission
August 3, 2011
Page 6
Response: As explained in Chevrons 2010 Form 10-K, Chevron is a defendant in a civil suit
filed in the Superior Court of Nueva Loja, Ecuador. The following are brief summaries of some of
the reasons underlying the four beliefs noted in your comment.
The court lacks jurisdiction over Chevron. The lawsuit names Chevron Corporation as the sole
defendant. Chevron Corporation has never been domiciled nor has it operated in Ecuador, nor did it
succeed to the liabilities of Texaco, Inc. when it acquired the latter corporation. Because
Chevron acquired Texaco by means of a reverse triangular merger, in which a subsidiary of Chevron
merged with Texaco, both Chevron and Texaco retained their separate legal identities. Chevron
objected to the Ecuadorian courts jurisdiction at the outset of the Lago Agrio litigation and,
after the court failed to rule on the jurisdictional objection at the outset, Chevron has
maintained the objection throughout the proceedings.
The law under which the plaintiffs sued Chevron was enacted in 1999 and cannot be applied
retroactively. The Lago Agrio plaintiffs based their lawsuit on a cause of action created by the
Environmental Management Act (EMA), which became law in 1999. But TexPet relinquished all
ownership interest in the Consortium in 1992 and ceased its operations in the Concession area on
June 30, 1990. Under Ecuadorian law, substantive changes in the law do not generally have
retroactive effect, and the EMA does not contain any provision to the contrary.
The plaintiffs claims are barred by the statute of limitations. The applicable statute of
limitations under Ecuadorian law for intentional and unintentional torts is four years. TexPet
ceased as operator of the Consortium on June 30, 1990. The Lago Agrio plaintiffs first brought
their claims for violations of the environmental rights of the public as a whole in 2003.
The plaintiffs claims are barred by the releases from liability TexPet obtained from the
national government and Petroecuador and from certain local governments. In 1998, TexPet secured a
release from liability from the Republic of Ecuador and Petroecuador. TexPet also secured in 1996
similar releases from the pertinent municipal and provincial governments. Under Ecuadorian law,
these releases are settlements that have res judicata effect that bar the claims for purported
violations of environmental rights of the public as a whole, which the Lago Agrio plaintiffs
brought against Chevron.
It
would be unusual for a company to disclose specific arguments and evidence in a
pending litigation, and we do not believe an exception should be made here. The company believes
that all elements of the case material to investors have been disclosed. The company will continue
to evaluate its disclosure as events warrant.
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Mr. H. Roger Schwall
Securities and Exchange Commission
August 3, 2011
Page 7
As also requested in your letter of July 22, 2011, we acknowledge the following:
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The company is responsible for the adequacy and accuracy of all disclosure in
its filings. |
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Staff comments or changes to disclosure in response to staff comments do not
foreclose the Commission from taking any action with respect to
the filing. |
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The company may not assert staff comments as a defense in any proceeding
initiated by the Commission or any person under the federal securities laws of the United
States. |
Very truly yours,
/s/ Matthew J. Foehr
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cc: |
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Mr. Brian Lane (Gibson Dunn)
Mr. Terry M. Kee (Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman) |